HOMILY VIII. 

The creation of fowl and water animals.  

    1. And God said "Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his 
kind, cattle and creeping things, and beast of the earth after his kind; and 
it was so."  The command of God advanced step by step and earth thus 
received her adornment. 

Yesterday it was said, "Let the waters produce moving things," and to-day "let 
the earth bring forth the living creature." Is the earth then alive? And are 
the mad-minded Manichaeans right in giving it a soul? At these words "Let the 
earth bring forth," it did not produce a germ contained in it, but He who gave 
the order at the same time gifted it with the grace and power to bring forth. 
When the earth had heard this command "Let the earth bring forth grass and the 
tree yielding fruit," it was not grass that it had hidden in it that it caused 
to spring forth, it did not bring to the surface a palm tree, an oak, a 
cypress, hitherto kept back in its depths. It is the word of God which forms 
the nature of things created. "Let the earth bring forth;" that is to say not 
that she may bring forth that which she has but that she may acquire that 
which she lacks, when God gives her the power. Even so now, "Let the earth 
bring forth the living creature," not the living creature that is contained in 
herself, but that which the command of God gives her. Further, the Manichaeans 
contradict themselves, because if the earth has brought forth the life, she 
has left herself despoiled of life. Their execrable doctrine needs no 
demonstration. 

    But why did the waters receive the command to bring forth the moving 
creature that hath life and the earth to bring forth the living creature? We 
conclude that, by their nature, swimming creatures appear only to have an 
imperfect life, because they live in the thick element of water. They are hard 
of hearing, and their sight is dull because they see through the water; they 
have no memory, no imagination, no idea of social intercourse. Thus divine 
language appears to indicate that, in aquatic animals, the carnal life 
originates their psychic movements, whilst in terrestrial animals, gifted with 
a more perfect life,  the soul  enjoys supreme authority. In fact the 
greater part of quadrupeds have more power of penetration in their senses; 
their apprehension of present objects is keen, and they keep all exact 
remembrance of the past. It seems therefore, that God, after the command given 
to the waters to bring forth moving creatures that have life, created simply 
living bodies for aquatic animals, whilst for terrestrial animals He commanded 
the soul to exist and to direct the body, showing thus that the inhabitants of 
the earth are gifted with greater vital force. Without doubt terrestrial 
animals are devoid of reason. At the same tithe how many affections of the 
soul each one of them expresses by the voice of nature! They express by cries 
their joy and sadness, recognition of what is familiar to them, the need of 
food, regret at being separated from their companions, and numberless 
emotions. Aquatic animals, on the contrary, are not only dumb; it is 
impossible to tame them, to teach them, to train them for man's society.  
"The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib."   But the fish 
does not know who feeds him. The ass knows a familiar voice, he knows the road 
which he has often trodden, and even, if man loses his way, he sometimes 
serves him as a guide. His hearing is more acute than that of any other 
terrestrial animal. What animal of the sea can show so much rancour and 
resentment as the camel? The camel conceals its resentment for a long time 
after it has been struck, until it finds an opportunity, and then repays the 
wrong. Listen, you whose heart does not pardon, you who practise vengeance as 
a virtue; see what you resemble when you keep your anger for so long against 
your neighbour like a spark, hidden in the ashes, and only waiting for fuel to 
set your heart ablaze! 

    2. "Let the earth bring forth a living soul." Why did the earth produce a 
living soul? so that you may make a difference between the soul of cattle and 
that of man. You will soon learn how the human soul was formed; hear now about 
the soul of creatures devoid of reason. Since, according to Scripture, "the 
life of every creature is in the blood,"  as the blood when thickened 
changes into flesh, and flesh when corrupted decomposes into earth, so the 
soul of beasts is naturally an earthy substance. "Let the earth bring forth a 
living soul." See the affinity of the soul with blood, of blood with flesh,of 
flesh with earth; and remounting in an inverse sense from the earth to the 
flesh, from the flesh to the blood, from the blood to the soul, you will find 
that the soul of beasts is earth. Do not suppose that it is older than the 
essence  of their body, nor that it survives the dissolution of the 
flesh;  avoid the nonsense
of those arrogant philosophers who do not blush to liken their soul to 
that of a dog; who say that they have been formerly themselves women, shrubs, 
fish.  Have they ever been fish? I do not know; but I do not fear to affirm 
that in their writings they show less sense than fish. "Let the earth bring 
forth the living creature." Perhaps many of you ask why there is such a long 
silence in the middle of the rapid rush of my discourse. The more studious 
among my auditors will not be ignorant of the reason why words fail me. What! 
Have I not seen them look at each other, and make signs to make me look at 
them, and to remind me of what I have passed over? I have forgotten a part of 
the creation, and that one of the most considerable, and my discourse was 
almost finished without touching upon it. "Let the waters bring forth 
abundantly the moving creature that hath life and fowl that may fly above the 
earth in the open firmament, of heaven."  I spoke of fish as long as 
eventide allowed: to-day we have passed to the examination of terrestrial 
animals; between the two, birds have escaped us. We are forgetful like 
travellers who unmindful of some important object, are obliged, although they 
be far on their road, to retrace their steps, punished for their negligence by 
the weariness of the journey. So we have to turn back. That which we have 
omitted is not to be despised. It is the third part of the animal creation, if 
indeed there are three kinds of animals, land, winged and water. 

   "Let the waters" it is said "bring forth abundantly moving creature that 
hath life and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of 
heaven." Why do the waters give birth also to birds? Because there is, so to 
say, a family link between the creatures that fly and those that swim. In the 
same way that fish cut the waters, using their fins to carry them forward and 
their tails to direct their movements round and round and straightforward, so 
we see birds float in the air by the help of their wings. Both endowed with 
the property of swimming, their common derivation from the waters has made 
them of one family.  At the same time no bird is without feet, because 
finding all its food upon the earth it cannot do without their service. 
Rapacious birds have pointed claws to enable them to close on their prey; to 
the rest has been given the indispensable ministry of feet to seek their food 
and to provide for the other needs of life. There are a few who walk badly, 
whose feet are neither suitable for walking nor for preying. Among this number 
are swallows, incapable of walking and seeking their prey, and the birds 
called swifts  who live on little insects carried about by the air. As to 
the swallow, its flight, which grazes the earth, fulfils the function of feet. 

    3. There are also innumerable kinds of birds. If we review them all, as we 
have partly done the fish, we shall find that under one name, the creatures 
which fly differ infinitely in size, form and colour; that in their life, 
their actions and their manners, they present a variety equally beyond the 
power of description. Thus some have tried to imagine names for them of which 
the singularity and the strangeness might, like brands, mark the distinctive 
character of each kind known. Some, as eagles, have been called Schizoptera, 
others Dermoptera, as the bats, others Ptilota, as wasps, others Coleoptera, 
as beetles and all those insects which brought forth in cases and coverings, 
break their prison to fly away in liberty.  But we have enough words of 
common usage to characterise each species and to mark the distinction which 
Scripture sets up between clean and unclean birds. Thus the species of 
carnivora is of one sort and of one constitution which suits their manner of 
living, sharp talons, curved beak, swift wings, allowing them to swoop easily 
upon their prey and to tear it up after having seized it.  The constitution 
of those who pick up seeds is different, and again that of those who live on 
all they come across. What a variety in all these creatures! Some are 
gregarious, except the birds of prey who know no other society than conjugal 
union; but innumerable kinds, doves, cranes, starlings, jackdaws, like a 
common life.  Among them some live without a chief and in a sort of 
independence; others, as cranes, do not refuse to submit themselves to a 
leader. And a fresh difference between 
them is that some are stationary and non-migratory; others undertake long 
voyages and the greater part of them, migrate at the approach of winter. 
Nearly all birds can be tamed and are capable of training, except the weakest, 
who through fear and timidity cannot bear the constant and annoying contact of 
the hand. Some like the society of man and inhabit our dwellings; others 
delight in mountains and in desert places. There is a great difference too in 
their peculiar notes. Some twitter and chatter, others are silent, some have a 
melodious and sonorous voice, some are wholly inharmonious and incapable of 
song; some imitate the voice of many taught their mimicry either by nature or 
training;  others always give forth the same monotonous cry. The cock is 
proud; the peacock is vain of his beauty; doves and fowls are amorous, always 
seeking each other's society. The partridge is deceitful and jealous, lending 
perfidious help to the huntsmen to seize their prey.  

    4. What a variety, I have said, in the actions and lives of flying 
creatures. Some of these unreasoning creatures even have a government, if the 
feature of government is to make the activity of all the individuals centre  
in one common end. This may be observed in bees. They have a common dwelling 
place; they fly in the air together, they work at the  same work together; and 
what is still more extraordinary is that they give themselves to these labours 
under the guidance of a king and superintendent, and that they do not allow 
themselves to fly to the meadows without seeing if the king is flying at their 
head. As to this king, it is not election that gives him this authority; 
ignorance on the part of the people often puts the worst man in power; it is 
not fate; the blind decisions of fate often give authority to the most 
unworthy. It is not heredity that places him on the throne; it is only too 
common to see the children of kings, corrupted by luxury and flattery, living 
in ignorance of all virtue. It is nature which makes the king of the bees, for 
nature gives him superior size, beauty, and sweetness of character. He has a 
sting like the others, but he does not use it to revenge himself.  It is a 
principle of natural and unwritten law, that those who are raised to high 
office, ought to be lenient in punishing. Even bees who do not follow the 
example of their king, repent without delay of their imprudence, since they 
lose their lives with their sting. Listen, Christians, you to whom it is 
forbidden to "recompense evil for evil" and commanded "to overcome evil with 
good."  Take the bee for your model, which constructs its cells without 
injuring any one and without interfering with the goods of others. It gathers 
openly wax from the flowers with its mouth, drawing in the honey scattered 
over them like dew, and injects it into the hollow of its cells. Thus at first 
honey is liquid; time thickens it and gives it its sweetness.  The book of 
Proverbs has given the bee the most honourable and the best praise by calling 
her wise and industrious.  How much activity she exerts in gathering this 
precious nourishment, by which both kings and men of low degree are brought to 
health! How great is the art and cunning she displays in the construction of 
the store houses which are destined to receive the honey! After having spread 
the wax like a thin membrane, she distributes it in contiguous compartments 
which, weak though they are, by their number and by their mass, sustain the 
whole edifice. Each cell in fact holds to the one next to it, and is separated 
by a thin partition; we thus see two or three galleries of cells built one 
upon the other. The bee takes care not to make one vast cavity, for fear it 
might break trader the weight of the liquid, and allow it to escape. See how 
the discoveries of geometry are mere by-works to the wise bee!  

    The rows of honey-comb are all hexagonal with equal sides. They do not 
bear on each other in straight lines, lest the supports should press on empty 
spaces between and give way; but the angles of the lower hexagons serve as 
foundations and bases to those which rise above, so as to furnish a sure 
support to the lower mass, and so that each cell may securely keep the liquid 
honey.  

5. How shall we make an exact review of all the peculiarities of the life 
of birds? During the night cranes keep watch in turn; some sleep, others make 
the rounds and procure a quiet slumber for their companions. After having 
finished his duty, the sentry utters a cry, and goes to sleep, and the one who 
awakes, in his turn, repays the security which he has enjoyed.  You will see 
the same order reign in their flight. One leads the way, and when it has 
guided the flight of the flock for a certain time, it passes to the rear, 
leaving to the one who comes after the care of directing the march. 

    The conduct of storks comes very near intelligent reason. In these regions 
the same season sees them all migrate. They all start at one given signal. And 
it seems to me that our crows, serving them as escort. go to bring them back, 
and to help them against the attacks of hostile birds. The proof is that in 
this season not a single crow appears, and that they return with wounds, 
evident marks of the help and of the assistance that they have lent. Who has 
explained to them the laws of hospitality? Who has threatened them with the 
penalties of desertion? For not one is missing from the company. Listen, all 
inhospitable hearts, ye who shut your doors, whose house is never open either 
in the winter or in the night to travellers. The solicitude of storks for 
their old would be sufficient, if our children would reflect upon it, to make 
them love their parents; because there is no one so failing in good sense, as 
not to deem it a shame to be surpassed in virtue by birds devoid of reason. 
The storks surround their father, when old age makes his feathers drop off, 
warm him with their wings, and provide abundantly for his support, and even in 
their flight they help him as much as they are able, raising him gently on 
each side upon their wings, a conduct so notorious that it has given to 
gratitude the name of "antipelargosis."  Let no one lament poverty; let not 
the man whose house is bare despair of his life, when he considers the 
industry of the swallow. To build her nest, she brings bits of straw in her 
beak; and, as she cannot raise the mud in her claws, she moistens the end of 
her wings in water and then rolls in very fine dust and thus procures mud.  
After having united, little by little, the bits of straw with this mud, as 
with glue, she feeds her young; and if any one of them has its eyes injured, 
she has a natural remedy to heal the sight of her little ones.  

    This sight ought to warn you not to take to evil ways on account of 
poverty; and, even if you are reduced to the last extremity, not to lose all 
hope; not to abandon yourself to inaction and idleness, but to have recourse 
to God. If He is so bountiful to the swallow, what will He not do for those 
who call upon Him with all their heart? 

    The halcyon is a sea bird, which lays its eggs along the shore, or 
deposits them in the sand. And it lays in the middle of winter, when the 
violence of the winds dashes the sea against the land. Yet all winds are 
hushed, and the wave of the sea grows calm, during the seven days that the 
halcyon sits.  

    For it only takes seven days to hatch the young. Then, as they are in need 
of food so that they may grow, God, in His munificence, grants another seven 
days to this tiny animal. All sailors know this, and call these days halcyon 
days. If divine Providence has established these marvellous laws in favour of 
creatures devoid of reason, it is to induce you to ask for your salvation from 
God. Is there a wonder which He will not perform for you--you have been made 
in His image, when for so little a bird, the great,  the fearful sea is held 
in check and is commanded in the midst of winter to be calm. 

    6. It is said that the turtle-dove, once separated from her mate, does not 
contract a new union, but remains in widowhood, in remembrance of her first 
alliance.  Listen, O women! What veneration for widowhood, even in these 
creatures devoid of reason, how they prefer it to an unbecoming multiplicity 
of marriages. The eagle shows the greatest injustice in the education which she 
gives to her young. When she has hatched two little ones, she 
throws one on the ground, thrusting it out with blows from her wings, and only 
acknowledges the remaining one. It is the difficulty of finding food which has 
made her repulse the offspring she has brought forth. But the osprey, it is 
said, will not allow it to perish, she carries it away and brings it up with 
her young ones.  Such are parents who, finder the plea of poverty, expose 
their children such are again those who, in the distribution of their 
inheritance, make unequal divisions. Since they have given existence equally 
to each of their children, it is just that they should equally and without 
preference furnish them with the means of livelihood. Beware of imitating the 
cruelty of birds with hooked talons. When they see their young are from 
henceforth capable of encountering the air in their flight, they throw them 
out of the nest, striking them and pushing them with their wings, and do not 
take the least care of them. The love of the crow for its young is laudable! 
When they begin to fly, she follows them, gives them food, and for a very long 
time provides for their nourishment. Many birds have no need of union with 
males to conceive. But their eggs are unfruitful, except those of vultures, 
who more often, it is said, bring forth without coupling:  and this although 
they have a very long life, which often reaches its hundredth year. Note and 
retain, I pray you, this point in the history of birds; and if ever you see 
any one laugh at our mystery, as if it were impossible and contrary to nature 
that a virgin should become a mother without losing the purity of her 
virginity, bethink you that He who would save the faithful by the foolishness 
of preaching, has given us beforehand in nature a thousand reasons for 
believing in the marvellous.  

   7. "Let the waters bring forth the moving creatures that have life, and 
fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of 

heaven." They received the command to fly above the earth because earth 
provides them with nourishment. "In the firmament of heaven," that is to say, 
as we have said before, in that part of the air called ouranos, 
heaven,  from the word oran, which means to see;  called 
firmament, because the air which extends over our heads, compared to the 
aether, has greater density, and is thickened by the vapours which exhale from 
the earth. You have then heaven adorned, earth beautified, the sea peopled 
with its own creatures, the air filled with birds which scour it in every 
direction. Studious listener, think of all these creations which God has drawn 
out of nothing, think of all those which my speech has left out, to avoid 
tediousness, and not to exceed my limits; recognise everywhere the wisdom of 
God; never cease to wonder, and, through, every creature, to glorify the 
Creator. 

    There are some kinds of birds which live by night in the midst of 
darkness; others which fly by day in fall light. Bats, owls, night-ravens are 
birds of night: if by chance you cannot sleep, reflect on these nocturnal 
birds and their peculiarities and glorify their Maker. How is it that the 
nightingale is always awake when sitting on her eggs, passing the night in a 
continual melody?  How is it that one animal, the bat, is at the same time 
quadruped and fowl? That it is the only one of the birds to have teeth? That 
it is viviparous like quadrupeds, and traverses the air, raising itself not 
upon wings, but upon a kind of membrane?  What natural love bats have for 
each other! How they interlace like a chain and hang the one upon the other! A 
very rare spectacle among men, who flit the greater part prefer individual and 
private life to the union of common life. Have not those who give themselves 
up to vain science the eyes of owls? The sight of the owl, piercing during the 
night time, is dazzled by the splendour of the sun; thus the intelligence of 
these men, so keen to contemplate vanities, is blind in presence of the true 
light. 

    During the day, also, how easy it is for you to admire the Creator 
everywhere! See how 
the domestic cock calls you to work with his shrill cry, and how, forerunner 
of the sun, and early as the traveller, he sends forth labourers to the 
harvest! What vigilance in geese! With what sagacity they divine secret 
dangers! Did they not once upon a time save the imperial city? When enemies 
were advancing by subterranean passages to possess themselves of the capitol 
of Rome, did not geese announce the danger?  Is there any kind of bird whose 
nature offers nothing for our admiration? Who announces to the vultures that 
there will be carnage when men march in battle array against one another? You 
may see flocks of vultures following armies and calculating the result of 
warlike preparations;  a calculation very nearly approaching to human 
reasoning. How can I describe to you the fearful invasions of locusts, which 
rise everywhere at a given signal, and pitch their camps all over a country? 
They do not attack crops until they have received the divine command. Or shall 
I describe how the remedy for this curse, the thrush, follows them with its 
insatiable appetite, and the devouring nature that the loving God has given it 
in His kindness for men?  How does the grasshopper modulate its song?  Why 
is it more melodious at midday owing to the air that it breathes in dilating 
its chest? 

    But it appears to me that in wishing to describe the marvels of winged 
creatures, I remain further behind than I should if my feet had tried to match 
the rapidity of their flight. When you see bees, wasps, in short all those 
flying creatures called insects, because they have an incision all around 
reflect that they have neither respiration nor lungs, and that they are 
supported by air through all parts of their bodies.  Thus they perish. if 
they are covered with oil, because it stops up their pores. Wash them with 
vinegar, the pores reopen and the animal returns to life. Our God has created 
nothing unnecessarily and has omitted nothing that is necessary. If now you 
cast your eyes upon aquatic creatures, you will find that their organization 
is quite different. Their feet are not split like those of the crow, nor 
hooked like those of the carnivora, but large and membraneous; therefore they 
can easily swim, pushing the water with the membranes of their feet as with 
oars. Notice how the swan plunges his neck into the depths of the water to 
draw his food from it, and you will understand the wisdom of the Creator in 
giving this creature a neck longer than his feet, so that he may throw it like 
a line, and take the food hidden at the bottom of the water.  

    8. If we simply read the words of Scripture we find only a few short 
syllables. "Let the waters bring forth fowl that may fly above the earth in 
the open firmament of heaven," but if we enquire into the meaning of these 
words, then the great wonder of the wisdom of the Creator appears. What a 
difference He has foreseen among winged creatures! How He has divided them by 
kinds! How He has characterized each one of them by distinct qualities! But 
the day will not suffice me to recount the wonders of the air. Earth is 
calling me to describe wild beasts, reptiles and cattle, ready to show us in 
her turn sights rivalling those of plants, fish, and birds. "Let the earth 
bring forth the living soul" of domestic animals, of wild beasts, and of 
reptiles after their kind. What have you to say, you who do not believe in the 
 change that Paul promises you in the resurrection, when you see so many 
metamorphoses among creatures of the air? What are we not told of the horned 
worm of India! First it changes into a caterpillar,  then becomes a buzzing 
insect, and not content with this form, it clothes itself, instead of wings, 
with loose, broad plates. Thus, O women, when you are seated busy with your 
weaving, I mean of the silk which is sent you by the Chinese to make your 
delicate dresses,  remember the metamorphoses of this creature, conceive a 
clear idea of the resurrection, and do not refuse to believe in the change 
that Paul announces for all men. 

    But I am ashamed to see that my discourse oversteps the accustomed limits; 
if I consider the abundance of matters on which I have just discoursed to you, 
I feel that I am being borne beyond bounds; but when I reflect upon the 
inexhaustible wisdom which 
is displayed in the works of creation, I seem to be but at the beginning of my 
story. Nevertheless, I have not detained you so long without profit. For what 
would you have done until the evening? You are not pressed by guests, nor 
expected at banquets. Let me then employ this bodily fast to rejoice your 
souls. You have often served the flesh for pleasure, to-day persevere in the 
ministry of the soul. "Delight thyself also  in the Lord and he shall give 
thee the desire  of thine heart."  Do you love riches? Here are spiritual 
riches. "The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether. More to 
be desired are they than gold and precious stones."  Do you love enjoyment 
and pleasures? Behold the oracles of the Lord, which, for a healthy soul, are 
"sweeter than honey and the honey-comb."  If I let you go, and if I dismiss 
this assembly, some will run to the dice, where they will find bad language, 
sad quarrels and the pangs of avarice. There stands the devil, inflaming the 
fury of the players with the dotted bones,  transporting the same sums of 
money from one side of the table to the other, now exalting one with victory 
and throwing the other into despair, now swelling the first with boasting and 
covering his rival with confusion.  Of what use is bodily fasting and 
filling the soul with innumerable evils? He who does not play spends his 
leisure elsewhere. What frivolities come from his mouth! What follies strike 
his ears Leisure without the fear of the Lord is, for those who do not know 
the value of time a school of vice.  I hope that my words will be 
profitable; at least by occupying you here they have prevented you from 
sinning. Thus the longer I keep you, the longer you are out of the way of 
evil. 

    An equitable judge will deem that I have said enough, not if he considers 
the riches of creation, but if he thinks of our weakness and of the measure 
one ought to keep in that which tends to pleasure. Earth has welcomed you with 
its own plants, water with its fish, air with its birds; the continent in its 
turn is ready to offer you as rich treasures. But let us put an end to this 
morning banquet, for fear satiety may blunt your taste for the evening one. 
May He who has filled all with the works of His creation and has left 
everywhere visible memorials of His wonders, fill your hearts with all 
spiritual joys in Jesus Christ, our Lord, to whom belong glory and power, 
world without end. Amen.